Multiple Myeloma

• Age: It is most commonly diagnosed in older adults, typically over the age of 65.
• Gender: Men are slightly more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women.
• Family history: A family history of multiple myeloma or other blood cancers may increase risk.
• Certain conditions: Individuals with a history of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or other plasma cell disorders may be at higher risk.

Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

Symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary, but common signs include:

• Bone pain: Particularly in the spine, ribs, or pelvis, often due to bone lesions or fractures.
• Fatigue and weakness: Resulting from anemia or the cancer itself.
• Frequent infections: Due to a weakened immune system.
• Kidney problems: Elevated levels of proteins in the urine can lead to kidney damage.
• Hypercalcemia: High levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause confusion, nausea, and constipation.
• Unexplained weight loss.

Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma

Diagnosing multiple myeloma involves several tests to confirm the presence of abnormal plasma cells and assess the extent of the disease:

• Blood tests: To check for abnormal levels of calcium, proteins, and other indicators of myeloma.
• Urine tests: To detect abnormal proteins known as Bence-Jones proteins.
• Bone marrow biopsy: A sample of bone marrow is examined for the presence of myeloma cells.
• Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans are used to identify bone damage and lesions.

Treatment Options for Multiple Myeloma

While multiple myeloma is not curable, various treatments can help manage the disease and improve quality of life. Treatment strategies include:

• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells and control their growth.
• Targeted therapy: Medications designed to target specific proteins or pathways involved in myeloma cell growth.
• Immunotherapy: Helps the immune system recognize and attack myeloma cells. This includes treatments like CAR-T cell therapy and monoclonal antibodies.
• Steroids: Often used in combination with other treatments to reduce inflammation and kill myeloma cells.
• Bone marrow or stem cell transplant: Involves replacing the diseased bone marrow with healthy cells from the patient or a donor.
• Radiotherapy: Targeted radiation can be used to treat localized bone lesions or to manage pain.